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BIOLOGY OF MIND
TABLE
OF CONTENTS
Preface
Chapter
1: Thinking About Thinking
How Do We Define Mind and Consciousness?
Awareness
Introspection and Reflection
How Does Consciousness Emerge from a Brain/Body?
Defining the Problem
Assembling an Explanation
Organism and Environment
Where Is the "I"?
Summary
Part I - Evolving Mind
Chapter 2:
Origins of Mind
Origins of Sensing and Acting
Simple Forms of Behavior
Communication Between Cells
Reflexes and Interneurons
Evolution of the Nervous System
Adaptations and Increasing Complexity
Biological Diversity
Origins of Minds, Perceptions, and Affect
The Simplest Form of Mind
Consciousness and the Evolution of Sensory Organs
Perceptions and New Behaviors
Summary
Chapter 3:
Structures of Mind
Origins and Structures of the Vertebrate Nervous System
Layers of the Brain
The Cerebral Cortex
Modern Studies of Brain Function
Association of Functions with Different Brain Regions
Specializations of the Cerebral Hemispheres
Imaging the Activity of the Brain
Summary
Chapter 4:
Primate Mind
The Question of Animal Consciousness
Transitions from Monkeys to Hominids
Upright Posture
Larger Brains
Stages in Hominid Emergence
Origins of Human Intelligence
Episodic Intelligence
The Great Apes: Selves and Others
Socialization and Other Skills Among the Chimps
Developing a Concept of Self
Awareness of the 'Mental States of Others
Summary
Chapter 5:
Hominid Mind
The Mimetic Intelligence of Early Hominids
Kinesic Communication
Social Cohesion and Body Languages
Origins of Language
Internal Narrative
Language as an Adaptation
Evolution of Brain Structures Supporting Language
Language and the Evolutionary Tree
The Emergence of Modern Humans
Evidence for the Out-of-Africa Hypotheses
Co-evolution of Humans and Their Tools
The Origins of Mythic Intelligence
What Caused the Transition to Upper Paleolithic Culture?
Evolutionary Psychology---The Search for a Universal Mind
Genetic Arguments for an Evolved Psychology
Evolution of Cooperation
Evidence from Cross-Cultural Studies
Listing and Evaluating Human Universals
The Evolution of Ideas and Customs
The Concept of Memes
Evolution of Memes
Summary
Part II - Developing Mind
Chapter 6:
Plastic Mind
An Outline of Brain Development
Origins of Plasticity
A Hierarchy of Developmental Circuits from Innate to Learned
The Wiring of Developing Brains
Pathways to the Cerebral Cortex
Plasticity in Forming the Visual Cortex
Experience Guides the Formation of Successful Connections
Adult Brains Can Change Their Nerve Connections
Expansion and Contraction of Cortical Areas
Cortical Plasticity and the Phantom Limb Phenomenon
Social Experience Can Alter Brain Structure
Limits of Brain Plasticity
Memory Is a Form of Brain Plasticity
Long-Term Memory
Models of Recognition and Memory
Procedural Memory
Olfactory Memories
The Sexual Brain---Plasticity Induced by Hormones
Hormonal Influences on Behavior
Hormonal Influences on Visuospatial Skills
Summary
Chapter 7:
Minds and Selves
Stages in the Development of Human Selves
Effects of Rich Versus Impoverished Environments
The Role of Language
The Cerebral Hemispheres as Selves
Self Boundaries
Selves Are Modular Constructions
The Example of Musical Intelligence
How Many Selves to a Customer?
Selves, Genes, and Environments
Framing the Issue of Nature and Nurture
Physical Environments and Selves
Cultural Influences on Self
The Relativity of Thought Systems
Summary
Part III - Society of Mind
Chapter 8:
Perceiving Mind
Ecology of Sensing and Acting
Perception Focuses on Change
Perception Is Filtered and Directed by Many Factors
Distinguishing Between Sensation and Perception
Perception of Spatial Relationships
Visual Systems
Self-Experiment: A Look at Vision and Its Muscular Correlates
Our Visual Brain
Visual Information Is Processed in Parallel Streams
Form, Motion, and Color
The "What" and "Where" Systems
Visual Pathways Outside the Cortex
Ensembles of Cells Encode Faces and Other Icons
Information Streams Flow Forward, Backward, and Sideways
A Binding Process Underlies Visual Perception
Neural Correlates of Visual Consciousness
Summary
Chapter 9:
Acting Mind
Action---The Interface of Mind and Environment
A Movement-Oriented View of Mind and Consciousness
Kinesthetic Intelligence
Action Repertoires
Parallel Actions
Movement Exercises That Reveal Underlying Mechanisms
Neuronal Pathways Underlying Action
Movement Generation by Darwin Machines
Summary
Chapter 10:
Emotional Mind
Defining Emotions
Emotions Are Evolutionary Adaptations
Emotions and the Physical Environment
Emotions and Social Exchange
Subcortical Systems Underlying Emotions
The Autonomic Background of Emotions
Brainstem Modulation of Attention and Appetite
Other Correlations of Chemistry and Emotional Behavior
Higher Levels of Emotional Mind
Emotional Mind as a Foundation of Rational Mind
Lateral Organization of Emotions
Emotional Responses Can Be More Rapid Than Reasoned Ones
Central Role of the Amygdala
Perception of Emotional and Cognitive Pathways
Facial Musculature and the Communication of Emotions
Misapplication of Ancestral Emotions---The Chronic Stress
Response
Summary
Chapter 11:
Linguistic Mind
The Language Instinct
Universal Language
The Case of Language as an Evolutionary Adaptation
The Learning of Language
Genetic Determinants of Language Ability
Language Development and Brain Structure
Language Development as Invention
Brain Mechanisms of Language
Multiple Language Areas in the Cortex
Language as Accessory to Other Fundamental Brain Mechanisms
Metaphor and the Construction of Language
Summary
Part IV - Modern Mind
Chapter 12:
Conscious Mind
The Mind/Body Problem
Can the Problem of Consciousness Be Solved?
The Machinery of Awareness
The Brain's Time and Space: The Disappearance of "I"
Plastic Representations of Time and Space
The Futility of Asking "Where Does It All Come Together?"
Sleep and Other Altered States of Consciousness
Stages of Sleep and Dreaming
Mystical Experiences
Humor and Laughter
Neural Correlates and Models of Consciousness
Brain Structures Required for Conscious Awareness
Generating an Apparent "I"
Introspection and the Self System
Computer Metaphors
Summary
Chapter 13:
Theoretic Mind
Emergence of the Modern Mind
Graphic Invention
Early Theoretic Societies
Merging of Individual Minds and External Memory Stores
Parallel Expression of Ancient and Modern Minds
Conflict of Paleolithic and Modern Minds
Paleolithic Adaptations
Mythic Components of Modern Intelligence
Addressing Pluralism
Ancient and Modern Minds in an Electronic Age
Future Mind
Teleological Schemes
The Theme of Encapsulation
The Evolution of Evolution
Summary---The Mind's Biology
Bibliography
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